[−][src]Crate pyo3

Rust bindings to the Python interpreter.

Look at the guide for a detailed introduction.

Ownership and Lifetimes

Because all Python objects potentially have multiple owners, the concept of Rust mutability does not apply to Python objects. As a result, PyO3 allows mutating Python objects even if they are not stored in a mutable Rust variable.

In Python, all objects are implicitly reference counted. The Python interpreter uses a global interpreter lock (GIL) to ensure thread-safety. Thus, we use struct Python<'py> as a token to indicate that a function can assume that the GIL is held. In Rust, we use different types to represent a reference to a Python object, depending on whether we know the GIL is held, and depending on whether we know the underlying type. See the guide for an explanation of the different Python object types.

A Python instance is either obtained explicitly by acquiring the GIL, or implicitly by PyO3 when it generates the wrapper code for Rust functions and structs wrapped as Python functions and objects.

Error Handling

The vast majority of operations in this library will return PyResult<...>. This is an alias for the type Result<..., PyErr>.

A PyErr represents a Python exception. Errors within the PyO3 library are also exposed as Python exceptions.

Example

Using Rust from Python

PyO3 can be used to generate a native Python module.

Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "string-sum"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2018"

[lib]
name = "string_sum"
crate-type = ["cdylib"]

[dependencies.pyo3]
version = "0.11.1"
features = ["extension-module"]

src/lib.rs

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::wrap_pyfunction;

#[pyfunction]
/// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.
fn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResult<String> {
    Ok((a + b).to_string())
}

#[pymodule]
/// A Python module implemented in Rust.
fn string_sum(py: Python, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
    m.add_wrapped(wrap_pyfunction!(sum_as_string))?;

    Ok(())
}

On Windows and linux, you can build normally with cargo build --release. On macOS, you need to set additional linker arguments. One option is to compile with cargo rustc --release -- -C link-arg=-undefined -C link-arg=dynamic_lookup, the other is to create a .cargo/config with the following content:

[target.x86_64-apple-darwin]
rustflags = [
  "-C", "link-arg=-undefined",
  "-C", "link-arg=dynamic_lookup",
]

While developing, you symlink (or copy) and rename the shared library from the target folder: On macOS, rename libstring_sum.dylib to string_sum.so, on Windows libstring_sum.dll to string_sum.pyd and on Linux libstring_sum.so to string_sum.so. Then open a Python shell in the same folder and you'll be able to import string_sum.

To build, test and publish your crate as a Python module, you can use maturin or setuptools-rust. You can find an example for setuptools-rust in examples/word-count, while maturin should work on your crate without any configuration.

Using Python from Rust

Add pyo3 to your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
pyo3 = "0.11.1"

Example program displaying the value of sys.version:

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;

fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
    let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
    let py = gil.python();
    let sys = py.import("sys")?;
    let version: String = sys.get("version")?.extract()?;

    let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict(py);
    let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
    let user: String = py.eval(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;

    println!("Hello {}, I'm Python {}", user, version);
    Ok(())
}

Re-exports

pub use crate::class::*;

pub use crate::conversion::AsPyPointer;

pub use crate::conversion::FromPy;

pub use crate::conversion::FromPyObject;

pub use crate::conversion::FromPyPointer;

pub use crate::conversion::IntoPy;

pub use crate::conversion::IntoPyPointer;

pub use crate::conversion::PyTryFrom;

pub use crate::conversion::PyTryInto;

pub use crate::conversion::ToBorrowedObject;

pub use crate::conversion::ToPyObject;

pub use crate::pycell::PyCell;

pub use crate::pycell::PyRef;

pub use crate::pycell::PyRefMut;

pub use crate::pyclass::PyClass;

pub use crate::pyclass_init::PyClassInitializer;

pub use crate::type_object::type_flags;

pub use crate::type_object::PyTypeInfo;

Modules

buffer	`PyBuffer` implementation
class	Python object protocols
conversion	Conversions between various states of Rust and Python types and their wrappers.
exceptions	Exception types defined by Python.
ffi	Raw ffi declarations for the c interface of python
freelist	Free allocation list
marshal
once_cell
panic
prelude	A collection of items you most likely want to have in scope when working with pyo3
proc_macro	The proc macros, which are also part of the prelude.
pycell	Includes `PyCell` implementation.
pyclass	`PyClass` and related traits.
pyclass_init	Initialization utilities for `#[pyclass]`.
pyclass_slots	This module contains additional fields for `#[pyclass]`.. Mainly used by our proc-macro codes.
type_object	Python type object information
types	Various types defined by the Python interpreter such as `int`, `str` and `tuple`.

Macros

create_exception	Defines a new exception type.
create_exception_type_object	`impl $crate::type_object::PyTypeObject for $name` where `$name` is an exception newly defined in Rust code.
impl_exception_boilerplate	The boilerplate to convert between a Rust type and a Python exception.
import_exception	Defines a Rust type for an exception defined in Python code.
import_exception_type_object	`impl $crate::type_object::PyTypeObject for $name` where `$name` is an exception defined in Python code.
py_run	A convenient macro to execute a Python code snippet, with some local variables set.
pyobject_native_type
pyobject_native_type_convert
pyobject_native_type_named
pyobject_native_var_type
wrap_pyfunction	Returns a function that takes a Python instance and returns a Python function.
wrap_pymodule	Returns a function that takes a Python instance and returns a Python module.

Structs

GILGuard	RAII type that represents the Global Interpreter Lock acquisition.
GILPool	A RAII pool which PyO3 uses to store owned Python references.
Py	A Python object of known type.
PyAny	A Python object with GIL lifetime
PyDowncastError	Marker type that indicates an error while downcasting
PyErr	Represents a Python exception that was raised.
PyObject	A Python object of any type.
Python	Marker type that indicates that the GIL is currently held.

Enums

PyErrValue

Represents a PyErr value.

Traits

AsPyRef	Retrieves `&'py` types from `Py<T>` or `PyObject`.
PyErrArguments	Helper conversion trait that allows to use custom arguments for exception constructor.
PyNativeType	Types that are built into the Python interpreter.

Functions

prepare_freethreaded_python

Prepares the use of Python in a free-threaded context.

Type Definitions

PyResult

Represents the result of a Python call.